Selected public references related to 43IT’s technical work. Entries are included only where roles, parties, documents, and quotations may be disclosed publicly.

Public court documents

Opel, Peugeot, Citroën and DS diesel emissions collective actions

Jurisdiction: The Netherlands – Amsterdam District Court

Document: ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2025:5535; Case Nos. C/13/705132 / HA ZA 21-687, C/13/712754 / HA ZA 22-71 en C/13/712812 / HA ZA 22-72 (Dutch original)

Technical issue: Whether Opel, Peugeot, Citroën and DS diesel vehicles sold in the Netherlands from 2009 complied with EU emissions rules, or used prohibited defeat-device software.

43IT role: Software analysis and technical expert report by Dr Markus Heitz from 43IT on emissions-control strategies. Based on this report and other evidence, the court found illegal defeat devices were present in Opel, Peugeot, Citroën and DS vehicles, including temperature windows and AdBlue-related strategies that could increase NOx emissions under normal driving conditions.

Status note: Interim judgment. Proceedings are ongoing.

Renault/Dacia diesel emissions collective actions

Jurisdiction: The Netherlands – Amsterdam District Court

Document: ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2024:6874; Case Nos. C/13/702519 / HA ZA 21-500, C/13/710414 / HA ZA 21-1028, C/13/710434 / HA ZA 21-1030 (Dutch original, English translation)

Technical issue: Whether there is sufficient evidence of defeat devices to order that Renault should disclose technical information and documentation relating to alleged defeat devices in its diesel vehicles.

43IT role: Technical expert report by Dr Markus Heitz from 43IT on engine-management software and alleged defeat devices. The report described software strategies linked to temperature conditions, restart behaviour, vehicle speed, gear selection and other operating parameters that allegedly altered emissions-control performance.

Status note: Interim procedural judgment; no final ruling on the technical allegations.

Media articles

UK PANNOx trial

Publication: BBC News, 13 October 2025

Topic: UK High Court proceedings over alleged diesel-emissions cheat software involving Mercedes, Ford, Peugeot/Citroën, Renault and Nissan.

43IT role: Contribution of software analysis and technical expertise by Dr Markus Heitz from 43IT in relation to alleged emissions-control and defeat-device strategies examined in the proceedings.

BMW / Mini

Publication: Consumentenbond, 10 November 2025

Topic: Dutch collective proceedings concerning alleged defeat-device software in BMW diesel vehicles.

43IT role: Contribution of software analysis and technical expertise by 43IT in relation to alleged emissions-control and defeat-device strategies examined in the proceedings.

Mercedes

Publication: Milberg UK press release through Agility PR News, 26 July 2023

Topic: An interim report submitted for collective proceedings concerning alleged manipulation of diesel emissions systems and the use of prohibited defeat-device strategies by Mercedes-Benz vehicles sold in the Netherlands.

43IT role: 43IT has conducted ECU firmware analysis of different engine and software versions, performed independent emissions testing and prepared expert technical reports concerning alleged defeat-device and emissions-control strategies examined in the proceedings.